Table 2. List of species of insect pests that are susceptible to major entomopathogenic nematodes
Species of insect pests |
Entomopathogenic nematode species |
Publications(See below) |
| Apopka weevil, Citrus root weevil or Sugarcane borer Diaprepes abbreviatus | Heterorhabditis georgiana, H. indica, H. zealandica, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. diaprepesi, S. riobrave | 1-13 |
| Armyworms, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigera, Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda | H. amazonensis, H. indica S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri | 14-18 |
| Billbugs, Sphenophorus purvulus, S. levis | H. bacteriophora, S. brazilense, S. carpocapsae | 19-20 |
| Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus salcatus | H. bacteriophora, H. downesi, H. megidi.S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kraussei | 21-26 |
| Bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae | 27-29 |
| Carpenter worms, Cossus cossus | S. weiseri | 30 |
| Carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis | H. bacteriophora, H. megidi, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave, feltiae | 31-32 |
| Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis | S. carpocapsae | 33-34 |
| Chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. siamkayai, S. weiseri | 35-37 |
| Chinch bugs, Blissus sp. | Unknown species | 38 |
| Citrus root weevil, Pachnaeus litus | S. carpocapsae | 39-41 |
| Clover root weevil, Sitona hispidulus | H. bacteriophora | 42-43 |
| Codling moth, Cydia pomonella | H. bacteriophora, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. kraussei | 44-56 |
| Crane flies, Tipula paludosa | H. marelatus, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 57-58 |
| Cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa | H. amazonensis, S. glaseri | 59 |
| Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon, A. segetum | H. bacteriophora, H. georgiana, H. indica H. Mexicana, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave | 60-65 |
| Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella | Heterorhabditis sp., Rhabditis blumi, S. carpocapsae | 66-70 |
| Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis | H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei, S. riobrave | 71-73 |
| Fall webworms, Hyphantria cunea | H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae | 74 |
| Filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana | S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei | 75-76 |
| Flea beetles, Phyllotreta striolata, P. cruciferae | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidi, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. pakistanense | 77-79 |
| Fungus gnats, Bradysis spp. | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. zealandica, S. anomali, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave | 80-84 |
| House flies, Musca domestica | H. bacteriophora, H. megidi, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. scapterisci | 85-89 |
| Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, P. unipuncta | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. marelata, H. megidis, H. zealandica, S. anomaly, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kushidai, S. minuta, S. scapterisci, S. scarabae, S. riobrave | 90-99 |
| Leaf minors, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. trifolii, L. huidobrensis | S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 100-107 |
| Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina | H. bacteriophora, H. heliothidis, S. carpocapsae | 108 |
| Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata | H. bacteriophora, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. khoisanae, S. siamkayai, S. weiseri | 109-116 |
| Mole crickets, Scapteriscus vicinus | S. carpocapsae, S. riobravis, S. scapterisci | 117-131 |
| Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella | S. carpocapsae | 132 |
| Peach borer, Synanthedon exitiosa | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave | 133-134 |
| Pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, C. hicoriae | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, H. Mexicana, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave | 135-143 |
| Pine weevil, Hylobius abietis | H. downesi, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 144-148 |
| Plum weevil, Conotrachelus nenuphar | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave | 149-154 |
| Shore flies, Scatella stagnalis, S. tenuicosta | H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. anomaly, S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 155-158 |
| Sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis | S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 159 |
| Spruce webworm, Cephalcia abietis | S. feltiae | 160 |
| Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans | H. heliothidis, S. glaseri | 161 |
| Stored grain pests: Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), Sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variabile) | H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae | 162-168 |
| Strawberry root borer, Nemocestes incomptus | S. carpocapsae | 169 |
| Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus, O. dubius strom, Ptiorhynchus ovatus | H. bacteriophora, H. marelatus, S. carpocapsae | 170-173 |
| Strawberry crown moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae | 174 |
| Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus | H. amazonensis, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri | 175-179 |
| Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips palmi | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, S. arenarium, S. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Thripinema nicklewoodi | 180-186 |
| Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae | 187-189 |
| White flies, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum | H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. feltiae | 190-194 |
| White grub (Summer Chafer), Amphimallon solstitiale | H. bacteriophora | 195 |
| White grub (Oriental beetle), Anomala orientalis, Exomala orientalis, Blitopertha orientalis | H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri, S. longicaudum, S. scarabae | 196-216 |
| White grub, Costelytra zealandica | H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri | 217 |
| White grub (June Bettle), Cotinus nitida | H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabae | 218-220 |
| White grub, Cyclocephala borealis, C. hirta, C. lurida, C. pasadenae | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. marelata, H. megidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kushidai, S. riobrave, S. scarabae | 221-227 |
| White grub, Hoplia philanthus | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabaei | 228-232 |
| White grub, Melolontha melolontha | H. bacteriophora, H. marelata, H. megidis, S. arenaria, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. riobrave | 233-235 |
| White grub, Ataenius spretulus | H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, S. scarabae | 236-237 |
| White grub (Asiatic garden beetle), Maladera castanea | H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, S. scarabae | 238-242 |
| White grubs, Phyllophaga anxia, P. bicolor, P. congrua, P. crinita, P. georgiana, P. hirticula, P. menetriesi | H. bacteriophora, H. heliothidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. riobrave, S. scarabae | 243-250 |
| White grub, Rhizotrogus majalis | H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabae | 251-255 |
| Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani | S. carpocapsae | 256 |
| Chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga | H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, S. ceratophorum, S. feltiae, S. hebeiense, S. litorale | 257-258 |
Publications:
Apopka weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus
1. Ali, J.G., Alborn, H.T. and Stelinski, L.L. 2010. Subterranean herbivore-induced volatiles released by citrus roots upon feeding by Diaprepes abbreviatus recruit entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 36: 361-368.
2. Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R. and Killer, E.E. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Florida Entomologist. 82: 1-7.
3. Duncan, L. W., Stuart, R. J., El-Borai, F. E., Campos-Herrera, R., Pathak, E., Giurcanu, M. and Graham, J. H. 2013. Modifying orchard planting sites conserves entomopathogenic nematodes, reduces weevil herbivory and increases citrus tree growth, survival and fruit yield. Biological Control 64: 26-36.
4. Duncan, L.W and McCoy, C.W. 1996. Vertical distribution in soil, persistence, and efficacy against citrus root weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of two species of entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae). Environmental Entomology. 25: 174-178.
5. Duncan, L.W. McCoy, C.W. and Terranova, A.C. 1996. Estimating sample size and persistence of entomogenous nematodes in sandy soils and their efficacy against the larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus in Florida. Journal of Nematology. 28: 56-67.
6. El-Borai, F.E., Stuart, R.J., Campos-Herrera, R., Pathak, E. and Duncan, L.W. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes, root weevil larvae, and dynamic interactions among soil texture, plant growth, herbivory, and predation. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 109: 134-142.
7. Kaspi, R., Ross, A., Hodson, A.K., Stevens, G.N., Kaya, H.K. and Lewis, E.E. 2010. Foraging efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave in different soil types from California citrus groves. Applied Soil Ecology 45: 243-253.
8. Schroeder, W.J. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of root weevils of citrus. Florida Entomologist 75: 563-567.
9. Shapiro, D.I. and McCoy, C.W. 2000. Susceptibility of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae to different rates of entomopathogenic nematodes in the greenhouse. Florida Entomologist. 83: 1-9.
10. Shapiro, D.I. and McCoy, C.W. 2000. Effects of culture method and formulation on the virulence of Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Nematology 32: 281-288.
11. Shapiro, D.I., Cate, J. R., Pena, J., Hunsberger, A. and McCoy, C.W. 1999. Effects of temperature and host age on suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology. 92: 1086-1092.
12. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mbata, G.N., Nguyen, K.B., Peat, S.M., Blackburn, D. and Adams, B.J. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 51: 377-387.
13. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Morales-Ramos, J.A., Rojas, M.G. and Tedders, W.L. 2010. Effects of a novel entomopathogenic nematode-infected host formulation on cadaver integrity, nematode yield, and suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus and Aethina tumida. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: 103-108.
Armyworms, Heliothis armiger, Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda
14. Andalo, V., Santos, V., Moreira, G.F., Moreira, C., Freire, M. and Moino, A. 2012. Movement of Heterorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema arenarium in search of corn fall armyworm larvae in artificial conditions. Scientia Agricola 69: 226-230.
15. Ansari, M.A., Waeyenberge, L. and Moens, M. 2007. Natural occurrence of Steinernema carpocapsae, Weiser, 1955 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Belgian turf and its virulence to Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Russian Journal of Nematology 15: 21-24.
16. Kim, J. and Kim, Y. 2011. Three metabolites from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, inhibit larval development of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by inhibiting a digestive enzyme, phospholipase A (2). Insect Science 18: 282-288.
17. Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Negrisoli, C.R.C.B., Bernardi, D. and da Silva, A. 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops. Crop Protection. 29: 677-683.
18. Salvadori, J.D., Defferrari, M.S., Ligabue-Braun, R., Lau, E.Y., Salvadori, J.R. and Carlini, C.R. 2012. Characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria active against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and contribution of bacterial urease to the insecticidal effect. Biological Control 63: 253-263.
Billbugs, Sphenophorus spp.
19. Georgis, R., Koppenhofer, A.M., Lacey, L.A., Belair, G., Duncan, L.W., Grewal, P.S., Samish, M., Tan, L., Torr, P. and van Tol, R.W.H.M. 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biological Control 38: 103-123.
20. Giometti, F.H.C., Leite, L.G., Tavares, F.M., Schmit, F.S., Batista, A. and Dell’Acqua, R. 2011. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) against Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bragantia 70: 81-86.
Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus
21. Ansari, M. A. and Butt, T. M. 2011. Effect of potting media on the efficacy and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control 58: 310-318.
22. Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2008. Combined use of entomopathogenic nematodes and Metarhizium anisopliae as a new approach for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus control. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 129: 340-347.
23. Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2010. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 99-105.
24. Haukeland, S. and Lola-Luz, T. 2010. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema kraussei and Heterorhabditis megidis against the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in open field-grown strawberry plants. Agricultural and Forest Entomology.12363-369.
25. Lola-Luz, T. and Downes, M. 2007. Biological control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Ireland using Heterorhabditis megidis. Biological Control 40: 314-319.
26. Susurluk, A. and Ehlers, R.U. 2008. Sustainable control of black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in strawberry. Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 635-640.
Bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis
27. McGraw, B.A. and Koppenhofer, A.M.2008. Evaluation of two endemic and five commercial entomopathogenic nematode species (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) against annual bluegrass weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and adults. Biological Control 46: 467-475.
28. McGraw, B.A. and Koppenhofer, A.M.2009. Population dynamics and interactions between endemic entomopathogenic nematodes and annual bluegrass weevil populations in golf course turfgrass. Applied Soil Ecology 41: 77-89.
29. McGraw, B.A., Vittumb, P.J. Cowlesc, R.S.and Koppenhoumlfera, A.M. 2010. Field evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in golf course turfgrass. Journal Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 149 – 163.
Carpenter worms, Cossus cossus
30. Bazman, I., Ozer, N., and Hazir, S. 2008. Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Nematology 10: 735-742.
Carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis
31. Belair, G. and Boivin, G. 1995. Evaluation of Steinernema-carpocapsae weiser for control of carrot weevil adults, Listronotus-oregonensis (leconte) (coleopteran: curculionidae), in organically grown carrots. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5: 225-231.
Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis
33. Henderson, G., Manweiler, S.A., Lawrence, W.J., Tempelman, R.J.and Foil, L.D. 1995. The effects of Steinernema-carpocapsae (weiser) application to different life stages on adult emergence of the cat flea Ctenocephalides-felis (bouche). Veterinary Dermatology 6: 159-163.
34. Silverman J.S., Platzer, E.G. and M.K. Rust, M.K. 1982. Infection of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) by Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser. Journal of Nematology 14: 394-397.
Chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas
35. Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Hazir, S. and Kaya, H.K. 2009. Laboratory evaluation of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of the chestnut pests, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia splendana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 19: 755-768.
36. Kepenekci, I., Gokce, A. and Gaugler, R. 2004. Virulence of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Nematropica 34: 199-204.
37. Raja, R.K., Sivaramakrishnan, S. and Hazir, S. 2011. Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. Biocontrol 56: 789-798.
Chinch bugs Bilssus spp.
38. Baxendale, F.P., A.P. Weinhold, and T.P. Riordan. 1994. Control of buffalograss chinch bugs with Beauvaria bassiana and entomopathogenic nematodes, 1993. Nebraska Insect Management and Insecticide Efficacy Reports, Dept. of Entomology Report No. 18, Univ. of Nebr., p. 43.
Citrus root weevil, Pachnaeus litus
39. Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R. and Killer, E.E. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Florida Entomologist 82: 1-7.
40. Duncan, L.W., Graham, J.H., Dunn, D.C., Zellers, J., McCoy, C.W. and Nguyen, K. 2003. Incidence of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes following application of Steinerema riobrave for control of Diaprepes abbreviates. Journal of Nematology 35: 178-186.
41. Schroeder, W.J. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of root weevils of citrus. Florida Entomologist 75: 563-567.
Clover root weevil, Sitona hispidulus
42. Loya, L.J. and Hower, A.A. 2002. Population dynamics, persistence, and efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Oswego strain) in association with the clover root curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Pennsylvania. Environmental Entomology 31: 1240-1250.
43. Loya, L.J. and Hower, A.A. 2003. Infectivity and reproductive potential of the Oswego strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora associated with life stages of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 63-72.
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella
44. Cossentine, J.E., Jensen, L.B. and Moyls, L. 2002. Fruit bins washed with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to control Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 12: 251-258.
45. de Waal, J.Y., Malan, A.P. and Addison, M.F. 2011. Evaluating mulches together with Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of diapausing codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 21: 255-270.
46. de Waal, J.Y., Malan, A.P., Levings, J. and Addison, M.F. 2010. Key elements in the successful control of diapausing codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in wooden fruit bins with a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 489-502.
47. Lacey, L.A. and Chauvin, R.L. 1999. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of diapausing codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 104-109.
48. Lacey, L.A., and Unruh, T.R. 1998. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Effect of nematode species, concentration, temperature, and humidity. Biological Control 13: 190-197.
50. Lacey, L.A., Granatstein, D., Arthurs, S.P., Headrick, H. and Fritts, R. 2006. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) in conjunction with mulches for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Entomological Science 41: 107-119.
51. Lacey, L.A., Neven, L.G., Headrick, H.L. and Fritts, R. 2005. Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinerneniatidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 1863-1869.
52. Lacey, L.A., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. and Glenn, G.M. 2010. Post-application of anti-desiccant agents improves efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in formulated host cadavers or aqueous suspension against diapausing codling moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 909-921.
53. Mracek, Z., Becvar, S., Kindlmann, P. and Webster, J.M. 1998. Infectivity and specificity of Canadian and Czech isolates of Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923) to some insect pests at low temperatures in the laboratory. Nematologica 44: 437-448.
54. Navaneethan, T., Strauch, O., Besse, S., Bonhomme, A. and Ehlers, R.U. 2010. Influence of humidity and a surfactant-polymer-formulation on the control potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against diapausing codling moth larvae (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol 55: 777-788.
55. Unruh, T.R., and Lacey, L.A. 2001. Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with Steinernema carpocapsae: Effects of supplemental wetting and pupation site on infection rate. Biological Control 20: 48-56.
56. Vega, F.E., Lacey, L.A., Reid, A.P., Herard, F., Pilarska, D., Danova, E., Tomov, R. and Kaya, H.K. 2000. Infectivity of a Bulgarian and an American strain of Steinernema carpocapsae against codling moth. Biocontrol 45: 337-343.
Crane flies, Tipula paludosa
57. Oestergaard, J., Belau, C., Strauch, O., Ester, A., van Rozen, K. and Ehlers, R.U. 2006. Biological control of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis. Biological Control 39: 525-531.
58. Simard, L., Belair, G., Gosselin, M.E. and Dionne, J. 2006. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae), a turfgrass pest on golf courses. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16: 789-801.
Cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa
59. Santos, V., Moino, A., Andalo, V., Moreira, C.C. and de Olinda, R.A. 2011. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the control of Diabrotica speciosa Germar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 35: 1149-1156.
Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon and A. segetum
60. Ebssa, L. and Koppenhofer, A.M. 2011. Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass. Biocontrol Science and Technology 21: 779-796.
61. Kunkel, B.A., Grewal, P.S. and Quigley, M.F. 2004. A mechanism of acquired resistance against an entomopathogenic nematode by Agrotis ipsilon feeding on perennial ryegrass harboring a fungal endophyte. Biological Control 29: 100-108.
62. Richmond, D.S., and Bigelow, C.A. 2009. Variation in endophyte-plant associations influence Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) performance and susceptibility to the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae. Environmental Entomology 38: 996-1004.
63. Shamseldean, M.M., Ibrahim, A.A., Zohdi, N., Shairra, S.A. and Ayaad, T.H. 2008. Effect of Egyptian entomopathogenic nematode isolates on some economic insect pests. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 18: 81-89.
64. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mbata, G.N., Nguyen, K.B. Peat, S.M., Blackburn, D. and Adams, B.J. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control. 51: 377-387.
65. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Stuart, R.J. and McCoy, C.W. 2005. Characterization of biological control traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis mexicana (MX4 strain). Biological Control 32: 97-103.
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella
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Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis
71. Campos-Herrera, R. and Gutierrez, C. 2008. Comparative study of entomopathogenic nematode isolation using Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae) as baits. Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 629-634.
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73. Ibrahim, A.A. and Shairra, S.A. 2011. Effect of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors on the immune response of the Cotton Leaf Worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) infected with the nematode, Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 21: 197-202.
Fall webworms, Hyphantria cunea
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Filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana
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Flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp.
77. Morris, O.N. 1987. Evaluation of the nematode, Steinernema-feltiae filipjev, for the control of the crucifer flea beetle, phyllotreta-cruciferae (goeze) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). Canadian Entomologist 119: 95-101.
78. Trdan, S., Vidrih, M., Valic, N. and Laznik, Z. 2008. Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on adults of Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 58: 169-175.
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Fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila
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House flies, Musca domestica
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Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica
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99. Yeh, T. and Alm, S.R. 1995. Evaluation of Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for biological control of Japanese and oriental beetles (Coleoptera, Searabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 88: 1251-1255.
Leaf minors, Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis
100. Hara, A.H., Kaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., Lebeck, L.M. and Mello, C.L. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Entomophaga 38, 359-369.
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Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina
108. Abdel-Kawy, A.G.M., El-Bishry, M.H. & El-Kifi, T.A.H. 1992: Controlling the leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina by three entomopathogenic nematode species in the field. Faculty of Agriculture Bulletin of Univercity of Cairo, 43: 769-780.
Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata
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110. Campos-Herrera, R. and Gutierrez, C. 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 100: 100-105.
111. Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Hazir, C., Kaya, H.K. and Hazir, S. 2009. Biological control potential of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Phytoparasitica. 37: 153-159.
113. Raja, R.K., Sivaramakrishnan, S. and Hazir, S. 2011. Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. Biocontrol 56: 789-798.
114. Rohde, C., Moino, A., da Silva, M.A.T., Carvalho, F.D.and Ferreira, C.S. 2010. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinemematidae) against larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). NeotropicaL Entomology. 39: 608-611.
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Mole crickets, Scapteriscus vicinus
117. Adjei, M.B., Smart, Jr. G.C., Frank, J.H. and Leppla, N.C. 2006. Control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on pasture with the nematode Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Florida Entomologist 89: 532-535.
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121. Frank, J.H. 1999. Beneficial nematode killing mole crickets in Florida pastures, still spreading. Florida Turf Digest 16: 32, 34-35.
122. Frank, J.H., Grissom, C., Williams, C., Jennings. E., Lippi, C. and Zerba, E. 1999. A beneficial nematode is killing pest mole crickets in some Florida pastures and is spreading. Florida Cattleman 63: 31-32.
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125. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Mode of entry and site of development of Steinernema scapterisci in mole crickets. Journal of Nematology 23: 267-268.
126. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Pathogenicity of Steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates. Journal of Nematology 23: 7-11.
127. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Vertical distribution of Steinernema scapterisci. Journal of Nematology 23: 574-578.
128. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1992. Addendum to the morphology of Steinernema scapterisci. Journal of Nematology 24: 478-481.
129. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1992. Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart, 1990. Journal of Nematology 24: 160-169.
130. Parkman, J.P., Frank, J.H., Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1993. Dispersal of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) after inoculative applications for mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) control in pastures. Biological Control 3: 226-232.
Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella
132. Hodson, A.K., Siegel, J.P. and Lewis, E.E. 2012. Ecological influence of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, on pistachio orchard soil arthropods. Pedobiologia 55: 51-58.
Peach borer, Synanthedon exitiosa
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Pecan weevil, Curculio caryae and C. hicoriae
135. Shapiro-Ilan, D. and Gardner, W.A. 2012. Improved control of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) through multi-stage pre-emergence applications of Steinernema carpocapsae. Journal of Entomological Science 47: 27-34.
136. Shapiro-Ilan, D. and Hall, M.J. 2012. Susceptibility of adult nut Curculio, Curculio hicoriae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes under laboratory conditions. Journal of Entomological Science 47: 375-378.
137. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E. and Wood, B.W. 2011. Effects of combining microbial and chemical insecticides on mortality of the Pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 14-20.
139. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Gardner, W.A., Leland, J. and Behles, R.W. 2009. Laboratory mortality and mycosis of adult Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) following application of Metarhizium anisopliae in the laboratory or field. Journal of Entomological Science. 44: 24-36.
140. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Dutcher, J.D. and Hatab, M. 2005. Recycling potential and fitness of steinernematid nematodes cultured in Curculio caryae and Gaileria mellonella. Journal of Nematology 37: 12-17.
142. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E. and Horton, D.L. 2008. Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, with entomopathogenic nematodes: Effects of application timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Biological Control 44: 207-215.
143. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Stuart, R.J. and McCoy, C.W. 2005. Characterization of biological control traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis mexicana (MX4 strain). Biological Control 32: 97-103.
Pine weevil, Hylobius abietis
144. Dillon, A.B., Moore, C.P., Downes, M.J. and Griffin, C.T. 2008. Evict or infect? Managing populations of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, using a bottom-up and top-down approach. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 2634-2642.
145. Ennis, D.E., Dillon, A.B. and Griffin, C.T. 2010. Pine weevils modulate defensive behaviour in response to parasites of differing virulence. Animal Behaviour 80: 283-288.
147. Girling, R.D., Ennis, D., Dillon, A.B. and Griffin, C.T. 2010. The lethal and sub-lethal consequences of entomopathogenic nematode infestation and exposure for adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104: 195-202.
148. Kruitbos, L.M., Heritage, S. and Wilson, M.J. 2009. Phoretic dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes by Hylobius abietis. Nematology. 11: 419-427.
Plum weevil, Conotrachelus nenuphar
149. Alston, D.G., Rangel, D.E.N., Lacey, L.A., Golez, H.G., Kim, J.J. and Roberts, D.W. 2005. Evaluation of novel fungal and nematode isolates for control of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Biological Control 35: 163-171.
150. Kim, H.G. and Alston, D.G. 2008. Potential of two entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) life stages in northern climates. Environmental Entomology 37: 1272-1279.
151. Pereault, R.J., Whalon, M.E. and Alston, D.G. 2009. Field efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes targeting caged last-instar plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Michigan cherry and apple Orchards. Environmental Entomology. 38: 1126-1134.
153. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E and Horton, D.L. 2004. Measuring field efficacy of Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema riobrave for suppression of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar larvae. Biological Control 30: 496–503.
154. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E., Horton, D.L. 2008. Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar with entomopathogenic nematodes: Effects of application timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Biological Control. 44: 207-215.
Shore flies, Scatella stagnalis
155. Lindquist, R., Buxton, J. and Piatkowski, J. 1994. Biological control of sciarid flies and shore flies in glasshouses. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, BCPC Publications 3, 1067-1072.
156. Morton, A. and Garcia del Pino, F. 2003. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of shore flies (Scatella stagnalis). Growing Biocontrol Markets Challenge Research and Development. 9th European Meeting IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Insect Pathogens and Entomopathogenic Nematodes”, Abstracts, 67.
157. Morton, A., Garcia del Pino, F., 2007. Susceptibility of shore fly Scatella stagnalis to five entomopathogenic nematode strains in bioassays. Biocontrol 52: 533-545.
158. Vanninen, I., Koskula, H. 2000. Biological control of the shore fly (Scatella tenuicosta) with steinernematid nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis in peat and rockwool. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13: 47-63.
Sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis
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Spruce webworm, Cephalcia abietis
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Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans
161. Pierce, L. 2008. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes used for control of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) at round bale feeding sites in pastures. Abstract, Annual Meeting of Entomological Society of America.
Stored grain pests
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163. Athanassiou, C.G., Palyvos, N.E. and Kakoull-Duarte, T. 2008. Insecticidal effect of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research. 44: 52-57.
164. Fayyaz S. and Javed, S. 2009. Laboratory evaluation of seven Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against a stored grain insect pest, pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Journal of Nematology 41: 255-260.
165. Mbata, G.N. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. 2005. Laboratory evaluation of virulence of heterorhabditid nematodes to Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology 34: 676 – 682.
166. Ramos-Rodríguez, O., Campbell, J. F. and Ramaswamy, S. 2007. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema riborave against the stored-product pests Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella. Biological Control 40:15 -21.
167. Ramos-Rodriguez, O., Campbell, J.F. and Ramaswamy, S.B. 2006. Pathogenicity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to some major stored-product insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research 42: 241-252.
168. Tradan, S., Vidric, M., and Valic, N. 2006. Activity of four entomopathogenic nematodes against young adult of Sitophilus granarious (Coleptera: Curculionidae) and Oryzophilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) under laboratory condition. Plant Disease and Protection. 113: 168 – 173.
Strawberry root borer, Nemocestes incomptus
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Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus and Ptiorhynchus ovatus
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Strawberry crown moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis
Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus
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177. Kocan, K.M., Pidherney, M.S., Blouin, E.F., Claypool, P.L., Samish, M. and Glazer, I. 1998. Interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) with selected species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 35: 514-520.
178. Monteiro, C.M.D., Prata, M.C.D., Furlong, J., Faza, A.P., Mendes, A.S., Andalo, V. and Moino, A.2010. Heterorhabditis amazonensis (Rhabditidae: Heterorhabditidae), strain RSC-5, for biological control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitology Research. 106: 821-826.
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis
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Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum
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White grubs, Costelytra zealandica
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White grubs, Cyclocephala borealis, C. pasadenae and C. hirta
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White grubs, Hoplia philanthus
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White grubs, Melolontha melolontha
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White grubs, Ataenius spretulus
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White grubs (Asiatic garden beetle), Maladera castanea
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White grubs, Phyllophaga Spp.
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White grubs, Rhizotrogus majalis
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252. An, R.S., Sreevatsan, S. and Grewal, P.S. 2009. Comparative in vivo gene expression of the closely related bacteria Photorhabdus temperata and Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi upon infection of the same insect host, Rhizotrogus majalis. BMC Genomics. 10: 433.
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Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani
256. Morse, J.G. and Lindegren, J.E. 1996. Suppression of fuller rose beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on citrus with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Florida Entomologist 79: 373-384.
Chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga
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