Economically important insect pests and their susceptibility to major entomopathogenic nematodes

Table 2. List of species of insect pests that are susceptible to major entomopathogenic nematodes

Species of insect pests

 Entomopathogenic nematode species

Publications

(See below)

Apopka weevil, Citrus root weevil or Sugarcane borer Diaprepes abbreviatus Heterorhabditis georgiana, H. indica, H. zealandica, Steinernema carpocapsae, S. diaprepesi, S. riobrave 1-13
Armyworms, Helicoverpa (Heliothis) armigeraSpodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda H. amazonensis, H. indica S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri 14-18
Billbugs, Sphenophorus purvulusS. levis H. bacteriophora, S. brazilense, S. carpocapsae 19-20
Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus salcatus H. bacteriophora, H. downesi, H. megidi.S. carpocapsaeS. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kraussei  21-26
Bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae 27-29
Carpenter worms, Cossus cossus S. weiseri 30
Carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis H. bacteriophora, H. megidi, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave,  feltiae  31-32
Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis S. carpocapsae 33-34
Chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsaeS. feltiae,  S. siamkayai, S. weiseri 35-37
Chinch bugs, Blissus sp. Unknown species 38
Citrus root weevil, Pachnaeus litus S. carpocapsae 39-41
Clover root weevil, Sitona hispidulus H. bacteriophora 42-43
Codling moth, Cydia pomonella H. bacteriophora, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. kraussei 44-56
Crane flies, Tipula paludosa H. marelatus, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 57-58
Cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa H. amazonensis, S. glaseri 59
Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon, A. segetum H. bacteriophora, H. georgiana, H. indica H. Mexicana, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave 60-65
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Heterorhabditis sp., Rhabditis blumi, S. carpocapsae 66-70
Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri, S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei, S. riobrave 71-73
Fall webworms, Hyphantria cunea H. bacteriophora, S. feltiae  74
Filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei 75-76
Flea beetles, Phyllotreta striolata, P. cruciferae H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidi, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. pakistanense 77-79
Fungus gnats, Bradysis spp.   H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. zealandica, S. anomali, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave 80-84
House flies, Musca domestica H. bacteriophora,  H. megidi, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. scapterisci  85-89
Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica, P. unipuncta H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. marelata, H. megidis, H. zealandica, S. anomaly, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kushidai, S. minuta, S. scapterisci, S. scarabae,  S. riobrave 90-99
Leaf minors, Liriomyza bryoniae, L. trifolii, L. huidobrensis S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 100-107
Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina H. bacteriophora, H. heliothidis, S. carpocapsae 108
Mediterranean fruit flyCeratitis capitata H. bacteriophora, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. khoisanae, S. siamkayai, S. weiseri 109-116
Mole cricketsScapteriscus vicinus S. carpocapsae, S. riobravis, S. scapterisci 117-131
Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella S. carpocapsae 132
Peach borer, Synanthedon exitiosa H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave 133-134
Pecan weevil, Curculio caryae, C. hicoriae H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, H. Mexicana, S. carpocapsae, S. riobrave 135-143
Pine weevil, Hylobius abietis H. downesi, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 144-148
Plum weevil, Conotrachelus nenuphar H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. riobrave  149-154
Shore flies, Scatella stagnalis, S. tenuicosta H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. anomaly, S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 155-158
Sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 159
Spruce webworm, Cephalcia abietis S. feltiae 160
Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans H. heliothidis, S. glaseri 161
Stored grain pests: Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella), Sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variabile) H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae 162-168
Strawberry root borer, Nemocestes incomptus S. carpocapsae 169
Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus, O. dubius strom, Ptiorhynchus ovatus H. bacteriophora, H. marelatus, S. carpocapsae 170-173
Strawberry crown moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae  174
Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus H. amazonensis, S. carpocapsae, S. glaseri  175-179
Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips palmi H. bacteriophoraH. indica, S. arenariumS. bicornutum, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, Thripinema nicklewoodi 180-186
Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae 187-189
White flies, Bemisia tabaci, Trialeurodes vaporariorum H. bacteriophora, H. megidis, S. feltiae 190-194
White grub (Summer Chafer), Amphimallon solstitiale H. bacteriophora 195
White grub (Oriental beetle), Anomala orientalis, Exomala orientalis, Blitopertha orientalis H. bacteriophoraH. megidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsaeS. glaseri, S. longicaudum, S. scarabae 196-216
White grub, Costelytra zealandica H. bacteriophora, S. glaseri 217
White grub (June Bettle), Cotinus nitida H. bacteriophora, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabae 218-220
White grub, Cyclocephala borealis, C. hirta, C. lurida, C. pasadenae H. bacteriophoraH. indicaH. marelata, H. megidisH. zealandica, S. carpocapsae,  S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. kushidai, S. riobrave, S. scarabae 221-227
White grub, Hoplia philanthus H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, S. arenarium, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabaei  228-232
White grub, Melolontha melolontha H. bacteriophoraH. marelata, H. megidisS. arenariaS. feltiaeS. glaseri, S. riobrave 233-235
White grub, Ataenius spretulus H. bacteriophoraS. glaseri, S. scarabae 236-237
White grub (Asiatic garden beetle), Maladera castanea H. bacteriophoraS. glaseri, S. scarabae 238-242
White grubs, Phyllophaga anxia, P. bicolor, P. congrua, P. crinita, P. georgiana, P. hirticula, P. menetriesi H. bacteriophora, H. heliothidis, H. zealandica, S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. riobrave, S. scarabae  243-250
White grub, Rhizotrogus majalis H. bacteriophoraH. megidis, H. zealandicaS. carpocapsaeS. feltiae, S. glaseri, S. scarabae 251-255
Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani S. carpocapsae 256
Chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga H. bacteriophora, H. indica, H. megidis, S. ceratophorum, S. feltiae, S. hebeiense, S. litorale  257-258

 

Publications:

Apopka weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus

1. Ali, J.G., Alborn, H.T. and Stelinski, L.L. 2010.  Subterranean herbivore-induced volatiles released by citrus roots upon feeding by Diaprepes abbreviatus recruit entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Chemical Ecology. 36: 361-368.

2. Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R. and Killer, E.E. 1999. Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Florida Entomologist. 82: 1-7.

3. Duncan, L. W., Stuart, R. J., El-Borai, F. E., Campos-Herrera, R., Pathak, E., Giurcanu, M. and Graham, J. H. 2013. Modifying orchard planting sites conserves entomopathogenic nematodes, reduces weevil herbivory and increases citrus tree growth, survival and fruit yield. Biological Control 64: 26-36.

4. Duncan, L.W and McCoy, C.W. 1996. Vertical distribution in soil, persistence, and efficacy against citrus root weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of two species of entomogenous nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae). Environmental Entomology. 25: 174-178.

5. Duncan, L.W. McCoy, C.W. and Terranova, A.C. 1996. Estimating sample size and persistence of entomogenous nematodes in sandy soils and their efficacy against the larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus in Florida. Journal of Nematology. 28: 56-67.

6. El-Borai, F.E., Stuart, R.J., Campos-Herrera, R., Pathak, E. and Duncan, L.W. 2012.  Entomopathogenic nematodes, root weevil larvae, and dynamic interactions among soil texture, plant growth, herbivory, and predation. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 109: 134-142.

7. Kaspi, R., Ross, A., Hodson, A.K., Stevens, G.N., Kaya, H.K. and Lewis, E.E. 2010. Foraging efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema riobrave in different soil types from California citrus groves. Applied Soil Ecology 45: 243-253.

8. Schroeder, W.J. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of root weevils of citrus. Florida Entomologist 75: 563-567.

9. Shapiro, D.I. and McCoy, C.W. 2000. Susceptibility of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae to different rates of entomopathogenic nematodes in the greenhouse. Florida Entomologist. 83: 1-9.

10. Shapiro, D.I. and McCoy, C.W. 2000. Effects of culture method and formulation on the virulence of Steinernema riobrave (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Nematology 32: 281-288.

11. Shapiro, D.I., Cate, J. R., Pena, J., Hunsberger, A. and McCoy, C.W. 1999. Effects of temperature and host age on suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) by entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology. 92: 1086-1092.

12. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mbata, G.N., Nguyen, K.B., Peat, S.M., Blackburn, D. and Adams, B.J. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 51: 377-387.

13. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Morales-Ramos, J.A., Rojas, M.G. and Tedders, W.L. 2010.  Effects of a novel entomopathogenic nematode-infected host formulation on cadaver integrity, nematode yield, and suppression of Diaprepes abbreviatus and Aethina tumidaJournal of Invertebrate Pathology. 103: 103-108.

Armyworms, Heliothis armiger, Spodoptera exigua, S. frugiperda

14. Andalo, V., Santos, V., Moreira, G.F., Moreira, C., Freire, M. and Moino, A. 2012.   Movement of Heterorhabditis amazonensis and Steinernema arenarium in search of corn fall armyworm larvae in artificial conditions. Scientia Agricola 69: 226-230. 

15. Ansari, M.A., Waeyenberge, L. and Moens, M. 2007.  Natural occurrence of Steinernema carpocapsae, Weiser, 1955 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Belgian turf and its virulence to Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Russian Journal of Nematology 15: 21-24.

16. Kim, J. and Kim, Y. 2011. Three metabolites from an entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, inhibit larval development of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by inhibiting a digestive enzyme, phospholipase A (2). Insect Science 18: 282-288.

17. Negrisoli, A.S., Garcia, M.S., Negrisoli, C.R.C.B., Bernardi, D. and da Silva, A. 2010.  Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) and insecticide mixtures to control Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn crops. Crop Protection. 29: 677-683.

18. Salvadori, J.D., Defferrari, M.S., Ligabue-Braun, R., Lau, E.Y., Salvadori, J.R. and Carlini, C.R. 2012. Characterization of entomopathogenic nematodes and symbiotic bacteria active against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and contribution of bacterial urease to the insecticidal effect. Biological Control 63: 253-263.      

Billbugs, Sphenophorus spp.

19. Georgis, R., Koppenhofer, A.M., Lacey, L.A., Belair, G., Duncan, L.W., Grewal, P.S., Samish, M., Tan, L., Torr, P. and van Tol, R.W.H.M. 2006. Successes and failures in the use of parasitic nematodes for pest control. Biological Control 38: 103-123.

20. Giometti, F.H.C., Leite, L.G., Tavares, F.M., Schmit, F.S., Batista, A. and Dell’Acqua, R. 2011.  Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida) against Sphenophorus levis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Bragantia 70: 81-86.  

Black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus

21. Ansari, M. A. and Butt, T. M. 2011.  Effect of potting media on the efficacy and dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control 58: 310-318.

22. Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2008.  Combined use of entomopathogenic nematodes and Metarhizium anisopliae as a new approach for black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus control. Entomologia Experimentalis Et Applicata 129: 340-347.

23. Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A. and Butt, T.M. 2010.  The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema kraussei and Metarhizium anisopliae work synergistically in controlling overwintering larvae of the black vine weevil, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, in strawberry growbags. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 99-105.

24. Haukeland, S. and Lola-Luz, T. 2010.  Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema kraussei and Heterorhabditis megidis against the black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in open field-grown strawberry plants. Agricultural and Forest Entomology.12363-369.

25. Lola-Luz, T. and Downes, M. 2007.  Biological control of black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus in Ireland using Heterorhabditis megidis. Biological Control 40: 314-319.

26. Susurluk, A. and Ehlers, R.U. 2008.  Sustainable control of black vine weevil larvae, Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in strawberry. Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 635-640.

Bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis

27. McGraw, B.A. and Koppenhofer, A.M.2008.  Evaluation of two endemic and five commercial entomopathogenic nematode species (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) against annual bluegrass weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae and adults. Biological Control 46: 467-475.

28. McGraw, B.A. and Koppenhofer, A.M.2009.  Population dynamics and interactions between endemic entomopathogenic nematodes and annual bluegrass weevil populations in golf course turfgrass. Applied Soil Ecology 41: 77-89.

29. McGraw, B.A., Vittumb, P.J. Cowlesc, R.S.and Koppenhoumlfera, A.M. 2010.  Field evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of the annual bluegrass weevil, Listronotus maculicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in golf course turfgrass. Journal Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 149 – 163.

Carpenter worms, Cossus cossus

30. Bazman, I., Ozer, N., and Hazir, S. 2008.  Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Nematology 10: 735-742.

Carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis

31. Belair, G. and Boivin, G.  1995. Evaluation of Steinernema-carpocapsae weiser for control of carrot weevil adults, Listronotus-oregonensis (leconte) (coleopteran: curculionidae), in organically grown carrots. Biocontrol Science and Technology 5: 225-231.

32. Miklasiewicz, T.J., Grewal, P.S., Hoy, C.W. and Malik, V.S. 2002. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of carrot weevil. Biocontrol 47: 545-561.

Cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis

33. Henderson, G., Manweiler, S.A., Lawrence, W.J., Tempelman, R.J.and Foil, L.D. 1995.  The effects of Steinernema-carpocapsae (weiser) application to different life stages on adult emergence of the cat flea Ctenocephalides-felis (bouche). Veterinary Dermatology 6: 159-163.

34. Silverman J.S., Platzer, E.G. and M.K. Rust, M.K. 1982. Infection of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche) by Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser. Journal of Nematology 14: 394-397.

Chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas

35. Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Hazir, S. and Kaya, H.K. 2009.  Laboratory evaluation of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of the chestnut pests, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cydia splendana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 19: 755-768.

36. Kepenekci, I., Gokce, A. and Gaugler, R. 2004.  Virulence of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to the chestnut weevil, Curculio elephas (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Nematropica 34: 199-204.

37. Raja, R.K., Sivaramakrishnan, S. and Hazir, S. 2011.   Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. Biocontrol 56: 789-798.

Chinch bugs Bilssus spp.

38. Baxendale, F.P., A.P. Weinhold, and T.P. Riordan. 1994. Control of buffalograss chinch bugs with Beauvaria bassiana and entomopathogenic nematodes, 1993. Nebraska Insect Management and Insecticide Efficacy Reports, Dept. of Entomology Report No. 18, Univ. of Nebr., p. 43.

Citrus root weevil, Pachnaeus litus

39. Bullock, R.C., Pelosi, R.R. and Killer, E.E. 1999.  Management of citrus root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Florida citrus with soil-applied entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida). Florida Entomologist 82: 1-7. 

40. Duncan, L.W., Graham, J.H., Dunn, D.C., Zellers, J., McCoy, C.W. and Nguyen, K. 2003.  Incidence of endemic entomopathogenic nematodes following application of Steinerema riobrave for control of Diaprepes abbreviates. Journal of Nematology 35: 178-186.

41. Schroeder, W.J. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of root weevils of citrus. Florida Entomologist 75: 563-567.

Clover root weevil, Sitona hispidulus

42. Loya, L.J. and Hower, A.A. 2002.  Population dynamics, persistence, and efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Oswego strain) in association with the clover root curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Pennsylvania.   Environmental Entomology 31: 1240-1250.

43. Loya, L.J. and Hower, A.A. 2003. Infectivity and reproductive potential of the Oswego strain of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora associated with life stages of the clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus.   Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 83: 63-72.

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella

44. Cossentine, J.E., Jensen, L.B. and Moyls, L. 2002. Fruit bins washed with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to control Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 12: 251-258.

45. de Waal, J.Y., Malan, A.P. and Addison, M.F. 2011.  Evaluating mulches together with Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of diapausing codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 21: 255-270.

46. de Waal, J.Y., Malan, A.P., Levings, J. and Addison, M.F. 2010.  Key elements in the successful control of diapausing codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in wooden fruit bins with a South African isolate of Heterorhabditis zealandica (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 489-502.

47. Lacey, L.A. and Chauvin, R.L. 1999. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of diapausing codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. Journal of Economic Entomology 92: 104-109.

48. Lacey, L.A., and Unruh, T.R. 1998. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Effect of nematode species, concentration, temperature, and humidity.  Biological Control 13: 190-197.

49. Lacey, L.A., Arthurs, S.P., Unruh, T.R., Headrick, H. and Fritts, R. 2006. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in apple and pear orchards: Effect of nematode species and seasonal temperatures, adjuvants, application equipment, and post-application irrigation. Biological Control 37: 214-223.

50. Lacey, L.A., Granatstein, D., Arthurs, S.P., Headrick, H. and Fritts, R. 2006. Use of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) in conjunction with mulches for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Journal of Entomological Science 41: 107-119.

51. Lacey, L.A., Neven, L.G., Headrick, H.L. and Fritts, R. 2005.   Factors affecting entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinerneniatidae) for control of overwintering codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in fruit bins. Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 1863-1869.

52. Lacey, L.A., Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. and Glenn, G.M. 2010.   Post-application of anti-desiccant agents improves efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes in formulated host cadavers or aqueous suspension against diapausing codling moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 20: 909-921.

53. Mracek, Z., Becvar, S., Kindlmann, P. and Webster, J.M. 1998.  Infectivity and specificity of Canadian and Czech isolates of Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, 1923) to some insect pests at low temperatures in the laboratory.  Nematologica 44: 437-448.

54. Navaneethan, T., Strauch, O., Besse, S., Bonhomme, A. and Ehlers, R.U. 2010.  Influence of humidity and a surfactant-polymer-formulation on the control potential of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against diapausing codling moth larvae (Cydia pomonella L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Biocontrol 55: 777-788.

55. Unruh, T.R., and Lacey, L.A. 2001. Control of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), with Steinernema carpocapsae: Effects of supplemental wetting and pupation site on infection rate.  Biological Control 20: 48-56.

56. Vega, F.E., Lacey, L.A., Reid, A.P., Herard, F., Pilarska, D., Danova, E., Tomov, R. and Kaya, H.K. 2000.  Infectivity of a Bulgarian and an American strain of Steinernema carpocapsae against codling moth. Biocontrol 45: 337-343. 

Crane flies, Tipula paludosa

57. Oestergaard, J., Belau, C., Strauch, O., Ester, A., van Rozen, K. and Ehlers, R.U. 2006.  Biological control of Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Nematocera) using entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp.) and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp israelensis. Biological Control 39: 525-531.

58. Simard, L., Belair, G., Gosselin, M.E. and Dionne, J. 2006.  Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae) against Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae), a turfgrass pest on golf courses. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16: 789-801.

Cucurbit beetle, Diabrotica speciosa

59. Santos, V., Moino, A., Andalo, V., Moreira, C.C. and de Olinda, R.A. 2011. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) for the control of Diabrotica speciosa Germar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Ciencia e Agrotecnologia 35: 1149-1156. 

Cutworms, Agrotis ipsilon and A. segetum

60. Ebssa, L. and Koppenhofer, A.M.  2011. Efficacy and persistence of entomopathogenic nematodes for black cutworm control in turfgrass.   Biocontrol Science and Technology 21: 779-796.

61. Kunkel, B.A., Grewal, P.S. and Quigley, M.F. 2004.  A mechanism of acquired resistance against an entomopathogenic nematode by Agrotis ipsilon feeding on perennial ryegrass harboring a fungal endophyte.   Biological Control 29: 100-108.

62. Richmond, D.S., and Bigelow, C.A. 2009.  Variation in endophyte-plant associations influence Black Cutworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) performance and susceptibility to the parasitic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae.  Environmental Entomology 38: 996-1004.

63. Shamseldean, M.M., Ibrahim, A.A., Zohdi, N., Shairra, S.A. and Ayaad, T.H. 2008.  Effect of Egyptian entomopathogenic nematode isolates on some economic insect pests.   Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 18: 81-89.

64. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mbata, G.N., Nguyen, K.B. Peat, S.M., Blackburn, D. and Adams, B.J. 2009. Characterization of biocontrol traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis georgiana (Kesha strain), and phylogenetic analysis of the nematode’s symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control. 51: 377-387.

65. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Stuart, R.J. and McCoy, C.W. 2005. Characterization of biological control traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis mexicana (MX4 strain). Biological Control 32: 97-103.

Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella

66. Baur M.E., Kaya H.K., Gaugler R. and Tabashnik, B.E. 1997. Effects of adjuvants on entomopathogenic nematode persistence and efficacy against Plutella xylostella, Biocontrol Science and Technology 7: 513–525.

67. Park, H.W., Kim, H.H., Youn, S.H., Shin, T.S., Bilgrami, A.L., Cho, M.R. and Shin, C.S. 2012. Biological control potentials of insect-parasitic nematode Rhabditis blumi (Nematoda: Rhabditida) for major cruciferous vegetable insect pests. Applied Entomology and Zoology 47: 389-397.

68. Schroer S. and Ehlers R.U. 2005.  Foliar application of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae for biological control of diamond black moth larvae (Plutella xylostella). Biological Control 33: 81–86.

69. Schroer S., Sulistyanto D. and Ehlers R.U. 2005. Control of Plutella xylostella using polymerformulated Steinernema carpocapsae and Bacillus thuringiensis in cabbage fields. Journal of Applied Nematology 129:198–204.

70. Schroer S., Ziermann D., Ehlers R.U. 2005. Mode of action of a surfactant-polymer formulation to support performance of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae for control of diamondback moth larvae (Plutella xylostella). Biocontrol Science and Technology 15:601–613.

Egyptian cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis

71. Campos-Herrera, R. and Gutierrez, C. 2008.  Comparative study of entomopathogenic nematode isolation using Galleria mellonella (Pyralidae) and Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae) as baits. Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 629-634.

72. Hassan, H.A. and Ibrahim, S.A.M. 2010.  Immune response of the cotton leaf worm Spodoptera littoralis (Biosd.) towards entomopathogenic nematodes. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 20: 45-53.

73. Ibrahim, A.A. and Shairra, S.A. 2011.  Effect of eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors on the immune response of the Cotton Leaf Worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) infected with the nematode, Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 21: 197-202.

Fall webworms, Hyphantria cunea

74. Chkhubianishvili, T., Mikaia, N., Malania, I. and Kakhadze, M. 2007. Susceptibility of entomopathogenic nematodes to the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea Drury (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences 175: N2. 

Filbertworm, Cydia latiferreana

75. Bruck, D.J. and Walton, V.M. 2007.  Susceptibility of the filbertworm (Cydia latiferreana, Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and filbert weevil (Curculio occidentalis, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 96: 93–96.

76. Chambers, U. Bruck, D.J., Olsen, J. and Walton, V.M. 2010.  Control of overwintering filbertworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae with Steinernema carpocapsae. Journal of Economic Entomology. 103: 416-422.   

Flea beetles, Phyllotreta spp.

77. Morris, O.N. 1987.  Evaluation of the nematode, Steinernema-feltiae filipjev, for the control of the crucifer flea beetle, phyllotreta-cruciferae (goeze) (coleoptera, chrysomelidae). Canadian Entomologist 119: 95-101.

78. Trdan, S., Vidrih, M., Valic, N. and Laznik, Z. 2008. Impact of entomopathogenic nematodes on adults of Phyllotreta spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B-Soil and Plant Science 58: 169-175.

79. Xu, C.X., De Clercq, P., Moens, M., Chen, S.L and Han, R.C. 2010. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) against the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata. Biocontrol 55: 789-797.

Fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila

80. Harris, M.A., Oetting, R.D., Gardner, W.A., 1995.  Use of entomopathogenic nematodes and new monitoring technique for control of fungus gnats, Bradysia coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), in floriculture. Biological Control 5, 412-418.

81. Jagdale, G. B., Casey, M. L., Grewal, P. S. and Lindquist, R. K. 2004.  Application rate and timing, potting medium and host plant on the efficacy of Steinernema feltiae against the fungus gnat, Bradysia coprophila, in floriculture. Biological Control 29: 296-305.

82. Jagdale, G. B., Casey, M. L., Grewal, P. S. and Luis Cañas. 2007.  Effect of entomopathogenic nematode species, split application and potting medium on the control of the fungus gnat, Bradysia difformis (Diptera: Sciaridae), in the greenhouse at alternating cold and warm temperatures. Biological Control 43: 23-30.

83. Kim, H.H., Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K., Lee, D.W., Lee, S.M., Jeon, H.Y., 2004. Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as a biological control agent against the fungus gnat Bradysia agrestis (Diptera: Sciaridae) in propogation houses. Biocontrol Science and Technology 14, 171-183.

84. Lindquist R., Piatkowski J. 1993. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for control of fungus gnat larvae. Bull. Int. Organiz. Biol. Integr. Control Noxious Animals and Plants. 16: 97-100.

House flies, Musca domestica

85. Renn, N. 1995. Mortality of immature houseflies (Musca-domestica l) in artificial diet and chicken manure after exposure to encapsulated entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae, heterorhabditidae).  Biocontrol Science and Technology 5: 349-359.

86. Renn, N. 1998. Routes of penetration of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae attacking larval and adult houseflies (Musca domestica).  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 72: 281-287.

87. Renn, N. 1998. The efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes for controlling housefly infestations of intensive pig units. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 12: 46-51.

88. Renn, N. and Wright, E. 2000. The effect of artificial substrates on the pathogenicity of Steinernema feltiae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to adult Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). Nematology 2: 217-222.

89. Taylor, D.B., Szalanski, A.L., Adams, B.J. and Peterson, R.D. 1998. Susceptibility of house fly (Diptera: Muscidae) larvae to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae). Environmental Entomology 27: 1514-1519.

Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica

90. Alm, S.R., Yeh, T., Hanula, J.L. and Georgis, R. 1992. Biological control of Japanese, oriental and black turfgrass ataenius beetel (Coleoptera, Scarabidae) larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 85: 1660-1665.

91. Grewal, P.S., Koppenhofer, A.M., and Choo, H.Y., 2005.  Lawn, turfgrass and Pasture applications. In: Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents. Grewal, P.S. Ehlers, R.-U., Shapiro-Ilan, D. (eds.). CAB publishing, CAB International, Oxon. Pp 147-166.

92. Hao, Y.J., Montiel, R., Lucena, M.A., Costa, M. and Simoes, N. 2012. Genetic diversity and comparative analysis of gene expression between Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Az29 and Az36 isolates: Uncovering candidate genes involved in insect pathogenicity. Experimental Parasitology 130: 116-125.

93. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 87-92.

94. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2006. Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America. Biological Control 38: 397-404.

95. Maneesakorn, P., An, R., Grewal, P.S.and Chandrapatya, A. 2010. Virulence of our new strains of entomopathogenic nematodes from Thailand against second instar larva of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Thai Journal of Agricultural Science.43: 61-66.

96. Morales-Rodriguez, A. and Peck, D.C. 2009.  Synergies between biological and neonicotinoid insecticides for the curative control of the white grubs Amphimallon majale and Popillia japonica. Biological Control. 51: 169-180.

97. Poinar, G. O., Jr., T. Jackson, and M. Klein. 1987. Heterorhabditis megidis sp. n. (Heterorhabditidae: Rhabditida) parasitic in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Scarabaeidae: Coleoptera), in Ohio. Proceedings of the Helminthological Society of Washington 54:53-59.

98. Power, K.T., An, R. and Grewal, P.S. 2009.  Effectiveness of Heterohabditis bacteriophora strain GPS11 applications targeted against different instars of the Japanese beetle Popillia japonica. Biological Control. 48: 232-236.

99. Yeh, T. and Alm, S.R. 1995. Evaluation of Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for biological control of Japanese and oriental beetles (Coleoptera, Searabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 88: 1251-1255.

Leaf minors, Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis

100. Hara, A.H., Kaya, H.K., Gaugler, R., Lebeck, L.M. and Mello, C.L. 1993. Entomopathogenic nematodes for biological control of the leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera: Agromyzidae).  Entomophaga 38, 359-369.

101. Head, J. and Walters, K.F.A. 2003.  Augmentation biological control utilising the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, against the South American Leafminer, Liriomyza huidobrensis. Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Biological Control, (Hawaii, USA, 13-18 January 2002). USDA Forest Service, FHTET-03-05, 136-140.

102. Olthof, T.H.A. and Broadbent, A.B. 1992.  Evaluation of steinernematid nematodes for control of a leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii, in greenhouse chrysanthemums. Journal of Nematology 24, 612.

103. Stever, D.D. and Rice, B.   2004. A Comparison between two species of nematode (Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema feltiae) applied through a foliar spray to control leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) in Dendranthema grandiflora. Hortscience 39: 846-846.

104. Tong-Xian Liu, Le Kang, K.M.Heinz, J.Trumble. 2008. Biological control of Liriomyza leafminers: progress and perspective. CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources, 2009, 4, No. 004, 16 pp.

105. Williams, E.C. and MacDonald, O.C., 1995.  Critical factors required by the nematode Steinernema feltiae for the control of the leafminers Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza bryoniae and Chromatomyia syngenesiae.  Annals of Applied Biology. 127, 329-341.

106. Williams, E.C. and Walters, K.F.A. 1994. Nematode control of leafminers: Efficacy, temperature and timing. Brighton Crop Protection Conference – Pests and Disease. 1079-1084.

107. Williams, E.C. and Walters, K.F.A. 2000.  Foliar application of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae against leafminers on vegetables. Biocontrol Science and Technology 10, 61-70.

Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina

108. Abdel-Kawy, A.G.M., El-Bishry, M.H. & El-Kifi, T.A.H. 1992: Controlling the leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina by three entomopathogenic nematode species in the field. Faculty of Agriculture Bulletin of Univercity of Cairo, 43: 769-780.

Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata

109. Bazman, I., Ozer, N. and Hazir, S. 2008. Bionomics of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema weiseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Nematology 10: 735-742.

110. Campos-Herrera, R. and Gutierrez, C. 2009. Screening Spanish isolates of steinernematid nematodes for use as biological control agents through laboratory and greenhouse microcosm studies. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 100: 100-105.

111. Karagoz, M., Gulcu, B., Hazir, C., Kaya, H.K. and Hazir, S. 2009. Biological control potential of Turkish entomopathogenic nematodes against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Phytoparasitica. 37: 153-159.

112. Malan, A.P. and Manrakhan, A. 2009.  Susceptibility of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) and the natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 100: 47-49.

113. Raja, R.K., Sivaramakrishnan, S. and Hazir, S. 2011. Ecological characterisation of Steinernema siamkayai (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a warm-adapted entomopathogenic nematode isolate from India. Biocontrol 56: 789-798.

114. Rohde, C., Moino, A., da Silva, M.A.T., Carvalho, F.D.and Ferreira, C.S. 2010. Influence of soil temperature and moisture on the infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinemematidae) against larvae of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). NeotropicaL Entomology. 39: 608-611.

115. Soliman, N. A. 2007. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (native strain) against the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest control. 17: 77-82.

116. Soliman, N.A. 2007. Pathogenicity of three entomopathogenic nematodes to the Peach fruit fly, Bacterocera zonata (Saunders) and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera : Tephritidae). Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control 17: 121-124.

Mole crickets, Scapteriscus vicinus

117. Adjei, M.B., Smart, Jr. G.C., Frank, J.H. and Leppla, N.C. 2006. Control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on pasture with the nematode Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Florida Entomologist 89: 532-535.

118. Barbara, K.A. and Buss, E.A. 2004. Survival and infectivity of Steinernema scapterisci (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) after contact with soil drench solutions. Florida Entomologist 87: 300-305.

119. Barbara, K.A. and Buss, E.A. 2005. Integration of insect parasitic nematodes (Rhabditida Steinernematidae) with insecticides for control of pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae: Scapteriscus spp.). Journal of Economic Entomology 98: 689-693.

120. Barbara, K.A. and Buss, E.A. 2006. Augmentative applications of Steinernema scapterisci (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) control on golf courses. Florida Entomologist 89: 257-262.

121. Frank, J.H. 1999. Beneficial nematode killing mole crickets in Florida pastures, still spreading. Florida Turf Digest 16: 32, 34-35.

122. Frank, J.H., Grissom, C., Williams, C., Jennings. E., Lippi, C. and Zerba, E. 1999. A beneficial nematode is killing pest mole crickets in some Florida pastures and is spreading. Florida Cattleman 63: 31-32.

123. Georgis, R., Poinar Jr., G.O., 1994. Nematodes as biopesticides in turf and ornamentals. In: Leslie, A. (Ed.), Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 477–489.

124. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1990. Steinernema scapterisci n. sp. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Journal of Nematology 22: 187-199.

125. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Mode of entry and site of development of Steinernema scapterisci in mole crickets. Journal of Nematology 23: 267-268.

126. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Pathogenicity of Steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates. Journal of Nematology 23: 7-11.

127. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1991. Vertical distribution of Steinernema scapterisci. Journal of Nematology 23: 574-578.

128. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1992. Addendum to the morphology of Steinernema scapterisci. Journal of Nematology 24: 478-481.

129. Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1992. Life cycle of Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen & Smart, 1990. Journal of Nematology 24: 160-169.

130. Parkman, J.P., Frank, J.H., Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1993. Dispersal of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) after inoculative applications for mole cricket (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) control in pastures. Biological Control 3: 226-232.

131. Parkman, J.P., Frank, J.H., Nguyen, K.B. and Smart, G.C. 1994. Inoculative release of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) to suppress pest mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae) on golf courses. Environmental Entomology 23: 1331-1337.

Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella

132. Hodson, A.K., Siegel, J.P. and Lewis, E.E. 2012. Ecological influence of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, on pistachio orchard soil arthropods. Pedobiologia 55: 51-58.

Peach borer, Synanthedon exitiosa

133. Cottrell, T.E. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. 2006. Susceptibility of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa, to Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema riobrave in laboratory and field trials. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 85-88.

134. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Mizell, R.F., Horton, D.L. and Davis, J. 2009.  A novel approach to biological control with entomopathogenic nematodes: prophylactic control of the peachtree borer, Synanthedon exitiosa. Biological Control. 48: 259-263.

Pecan weevil, Curculio caryae and C. hicoriae

135. Shapiro-Ilan, D. and Gardner, W.A. 2012. Improved control of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) through multi-stage pre-emergence applications of Steinernema carpocapsae. Journal of Entomological Science 47: 27-34.

136. Shapiro-Ilan, D. and Hall, M.J. 2012. Susceptibility of adult nut Curculio, Curculio hicoriae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes under laboratory conditions. Journal of Entomological Science 47: 375-378.

137. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E. and Wood, B.W. 2011.  Effects of combining microbial and chemical insecticides on mortality of the Pecan weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).  Journal of Economic Entomology 104: 14-20.

138. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Brown, I., Gardner, W.A., Hubbard, R.K. and Wood, B.W. 2006. Effect of soil moisture and a surfactant on entomopathogenic nematode suppression of the pecan weevil, Curculio caryae. Journal of Nematology 38: 474-482.

139. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Cottrell, T.E., Gardner, W.A., Leland, J. and Behles, R.W. 2009.  Laboratory mortality and mycosis of adult Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) following application of Metarhizium anisopliae in the laboratory or field. Journal of Entomological Science. 44: 24-36.

140. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Dutcher, J.D. and Hatab, M. 2005.  Recycling potential and fitness of steinernematid nematodes cultured in Curculio caryae and Gaileria mellonella. Journal of Nematology 37: 12-17.

141. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Jackson, M., Reilly, C.C. and Hotchkiss, M.W. 2004.  Effects of combining an entomopathogenic fungi or bacterium with entomopathogenic nematodes on mortality of Curculio caryae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biological Control 30: 119-126.

142. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E. and Horton, D.L. 2008.  Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar, with entomopathogenic nematodes: Effects of application timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Biological Control 44: 207-215.

143. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Stuart, R.J. and McCoy, C.W.  2005.  Characterization of biological control traits in the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis mexicana (MX4 strain).  Biological Control 32: 97-103.

Pine weevil, Hylobius abietis

144. Dillon, A.B., Moore, C.P., Downes, M.J. and Griffin, C.T. 2008.  Evict or infect? Managing populations of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis, using a bottom-up and top-down approach. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 2634-2642.

145. Ennis, D.E., Dillon, A.B. and Griffin, C.T.  2010.  Pine weevils modulate defensive behaviour in response to parasites of differing virulence. Animal Behaviour 80: 283-288.

146. Everard, A., Griffin, C.T. and Dillon, A.B. 2009.  Competition and intraguild predation between the braconid parasitoid Bracon hylobii and the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis downesi, natural enemies of the large pine weevil, Hylobius abietis. Bulletin of Entomological Research. 99: 151-161.

147. Girling, R.D., Ennis, D., Dillon, A.B. and Griffin, C.T. 2010.  The lethal and sub-lethal consequences of entomopathogenic nematode infestation and exposure for adult pine weevils, Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 104: 195-202.

148. Kruitbos, L.M., Heritage, S. and Wilson, M.J. 2009.  Phoretic dispersal of entomopathogenic nematodes by Hylobius abietis. Nematology. 11: 419-427.

Plum weevil, Conotrachelus nenuphar

149. Alston, D.G., Rangel, D.E.N., Lacey, L.A., Golez, H.G., Kim, J.J. and Roberts, D.W. 2005.  Evaluation of novel fungal and nematode isolates for control of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) larvae. Biological Control 35: 163-171.

150. Kim, H.G. and Alston, D.G. 2008. Potential of two entomopathogenic nematodes for suppression of plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar, Coleoptera: Curculionidae) life stages in northern climates.  Environmental Entomology 37: 1272-1279.

151. Pereault, R.J., Whalon, M.E. and Alston, D.G. 2009.  Field efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes targeting caged last-instar plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Michigan cherry and apple Orchards. Environmental Entomology. 38: 1126-1134.

152. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F. and Campbell, J.F. 2002. Susceptibility of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Nematology 34: 246-249.

153. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E and Horton, D.L. 2004. Measuring field efficacy of Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema riobrave for suppression of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar larvae. Biological Control 30: 496–503.

154. Shapiro-Ilan, D.I., Mizell, R.F., Cottrell, T.E., Horton, D.L. 2008. Control of plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar with entomopathogenic nematodes: Effects of application timing, alternate host plant, and nematode strain. Biological Control. 44: 207-215.

Shore flies, Scatella stagnalis

155.  Lindquist, R., Buxton, J. and Piatkowski, J. 1994.  Biological control of sciarid flies and shore flies in glasshouses. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases, BCPC Publications 3, 1067-1072.

156.  Morton, A. and Garcia del Pino, F. 2003. Potential of entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of shore flies (Scatella stagnalis). Growing Biocontrol Markets Challenge Research and Development. 9th European Meeting IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Insect Pathogens and Entomopathogenic Nematodes”, Abstracts, 67.

157.  Morton, A., Garcia del Pino, F., 2007.  Susceptibility of shore fly Scatella stagnalis to five entomopathogenic nematode strains in bioassays. Biocontrol 52: 533-545.

158.  Vanninen, I., Koskula, H. 2000. Biological control of the shore fly (Scatella tenuicosta) with steinernematid nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis in peat and rockwool. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13: 47-63.

Sod webworm, Herpetogramma phaeopteralis

159.  Nastaran Tofangsazie, N., Arthurs, S.P. and Cherry, R.  https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in968

Spruce webworm, Cephalcia abietis

160.  Fischer, P. 1996. The entomoparasitic nematode species Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) as a mortality factor of the spruce webworm Cephalcia abietis (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). Entomologia Generalis 21: 107-115.

Stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans

161.  Pierce, L. 2008. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes used for control of stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) at round bale feeding sites in pastures. Abstract, Annual Meeting of Entomological Society of America.

Stored grain pests

162.  Athanassiou, C.G., Kavallieratos, N.C., Menti, H. and Karanastasi, E. 2010. Mortality of four stored product pests in stored wheat when exposed to doses of three entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 977-984.

163.  Athanassiou, C.G., Palyvos, N.E. and Kakoull-Duarte, T. 2008. Insecticidal effect of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) against Tribolium confusum du Val (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored wheat. Journal of Stored Products Research. 44: 52-57.

164.  Fayyaz S. and Javed, S. 2009.  Laboratory evaluation of seven Pakistani strains of entomopathogenic nematodes against a stored grain insect pest, pulse beetle Callosobruchus chinensis (L.).  Journal of Nematology 41: 255-260.

165.  Mbata, G.N. and Shapiro-Ilan, D.I. 2005. Laboratory evaluation of virulence of heterorhabditid nematodes to Plodia interpunctella Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology 34: 676 – 682.

166.  Ramos-Rodríguez, O., Campbell, J. F. and Ramaswamy, S. 2007. Efficacy of the   entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema riborave against the stored-product pests Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella. Biological Control 40:15 -21.

167.  Ramos-Rodriguez, O., Campbell, J.F. and Ramaswamy, S.B. 2006. Pathogenicity of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to some major stored-product insect pests. Journal of Stored Products Research 42: 241-252.

168.  Tradan, S., Vidric, M., and Valic, N. 2006. Activity of four entomopathogenic nematodes against young adult of Sitophilus granarious (Coleptera: Curculionidae) and Oryzophilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) under laboratory condition. Plant Disease and Protection. 113: 168 – 173.

Strawberry root borer, Nemocestes incomptus

169.  Georgis, R and Poinar, GO. 1984. Field control of the strawberry root weevil, Nemocestes-incomptus, by Neoaplectanid nematodes (Steinernematidae, Nematoda). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 43: 130-131.

Strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus ovatus and Ptiorhynchus ovatus

170. Berry, R.E., Liu, J. and Groth, E.   1997. Efficacy and persistence of Heterorhabditis marelatus (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in strawberry. Environmental Entomology 26: 465-470.

171. Booth, S.R., Tanigoshi, L.K. and Shanks, C.H. 2002. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes to manage root weevil larvae in Washington state cranberry, strawberry, and red raspberry. Environmental Entomology 31: 895-902.

172. Simser, D. and Roberts, S. 1994. Suppression of strawberry root weevil, Otiorhynchus-ovatus, in cranberries by entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae. Nematologica 40: 456-462.

173. Vainio, A. and Hokkanen, H.M.T. 1993. The potential of entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes against Otiorhynchus-ovatus L and O. dubius strom (Col, Curculionidae) in the field. Journal of Applied Entomology-Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie. 115: 379-387.

Strawberry crown moth, Synanthedon bibionipennis

174. Bruck, D.J., Edwards, D.L. and Donahue, K.M.  2008. Susceptibility of the strawberry crown moth (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 101: 251-255.

Tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

175. de Carvalho, L.B., Furlong, J., Prata, M.C.D., dos Reis, E.S., Batista, E.S.D., Faza, A.P. and Leite R.C. 2010.  Evaluation in vitro of the infection times of engorged females of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus by the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri CCA strain. Ciencia Rural. 40: 939-943.

176. Freitas-Ribeiro G.M., Furlong, J., Vasconcelos, V.O., Dolinski, C. and Loures-Ribeiro, A. 2005. Analysis of biological parameters of Boophilus microplus Canestrini, 1887 exposed to entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae Santa Rosa and all strains (Steinernema: Rhabditida). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 48: 911-919.

177. Kocan, K.M., Pidherney, M.S., Blouin, E.F., Claypool, P.L., Samish, M. and Glazer, I. 1998. Interaction of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) with selected species of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Journal of Medical Entomology. 35: 514-520.

178. Monteiro, C.M.D., Prata, M.C.D., Furlong, J., Faza, A.P., Mendes, A.S., Andalo, V. and Moino, A.2010.  Heterorhabditis amazonensis (Rhabditidae: Heterorhabditidae), strain RSC-5, for biological control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitology Research. 106: 821-826.

179. Reis-Menini, C.M.R., Prata, M.C.A., Furlong, J. and Silva, E.R. 2008. Compatibility between the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and an acaricide in the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). Parasitology Research. 103: 1391-1396.

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

180. Arthurs, S. and Heinz, K.M.  2006. Evaluation of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae and Thripinema nicklewoodi as biological control agents of western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis infesting chrysanthemum. Biocontrol Science and Technology 16: 141-155.

181. Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C. and Poehling, H.M. 2004. Effects of post-application irrigation and substrate moisture on the efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 112: 65-72.

182. Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C. and Poehling, H.M. 2006. Simultaneous application of entomopathogenic nematodes and predatory mites to control western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. Biological Control 39: 66-74.

183. Ebssa, L., Borgemeister, C., Berndt, O. and Poehling, H.M.  2001. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-dwelling life stages of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 78: 119-127.

184. North, J.P., Cuthbertson, A.G.S. and Walters, K.F.A. 2006. The efficacy of two entomopathogenic biocontrol agents against adult Thrips palmi (Thysanoptera: Thripidae).  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 92: 89-92.

185. Premachandra, D.W.T.S., Borgemeister, C., Berndt, O., Ehlers, R.U. and Poehling, H.M. 2003.  Laboratory bioassays of virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes against soil-inhabiting stages of Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Nematology 5: 539-547.

186. Trdan, S., Znidarcic, D. and Vidrih, M. 2007.  Control of Frankliniella occidentalis on glasshouse-grown cucumbers: an efficacy comparison of foliar application of Steinernema feltiae and spraying with abamectin.  Russian Journal of Nematology 15: 25-34.

Western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

187. Hiltpold, I., Hibbard, B.E., French, B.W. and Turlings, T.C.J. 2012. Capsules containing entomopathogenic nematodes as a Trojan horse approach to control the western corn rootworm. Plant and Soil 358: 10-24.

188. Petzold-Maxwell, J.L., Cibils-Stewart, X., French, B.W. and Gassmann, A.J. 2012.  Adaptation by western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Bt Maize: inheritance, fitness costs, and feeding preference. Journal of Economic Entomology 105: 1407-1418.

189.  Petzold-Maxwell, J.L., Jaronski, T. and Gassmann, A.J.  2012.  Tritrophic interactions among Bt maize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm. Annals of Applied Biology 160: 43-55.

Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum

190.  Cuthbertson, A.G.S., Blackburn, L.F., Eyre, D.P., Cannon, R.J.C., Miller, J. and Northing, P. 2011. Bemisia tabaci: The current situation in the UK and the prospect of developing strategies for eradication using entomopathogens. Insect Science 18: 1-10.

191. Cuthbertson, A.G.S., Mathers, J.J., Northing, P., Prickett, A.J. and Walters, K.F.A. 2008. The integrated use of chemical insecticides and the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), for the control of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Insect Science 15: 447-453.

192. Head J., Lawrence A.J. and Walters K.F.A. 2004. Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae against Bemisia tabaci in relation to plant species, Journal of Applied Entomology. 128:543–547.

193.  Laznik, Z., Znidarcic, D. and Trdan, S. 2011. Control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) adults on glasshouse-grown cucumbers in four different growth substrates: an efficacy comparison of foliar application of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) and spraying with thiamethoxamn. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 35: 631-640.

194. Shrestha, Y.K. and Lee, K.Y. 2012. Oral toxicity of Photorhabdus culture media on gene expression of the adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 109: 91-96.

White grubs (Summer Chafer), Amphimallon solstitiale

195. Glare T.R., Jackson T.A., Zimmermann G. 1993. Occurrence of Bacillus popilliae and two nematode pathogens in populations of Amphimallon solstitialis (Col.: Scarabaeidae) near Darmstadt, Germany.  Entomophaga. 38: 441-450.

White grubs (Oriental beetle), Anomala orientalis, Exomala orientalis and Blitopertha orientalis

196. Alm, S.R., Yeh, T., Hanula, J.L. and Georgis, R. 1992. Biological control of Japanese, oriental and black turfgrass ataenius beetel (Coleoptera, Scarabidae) larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 85: 1660-1665.

197. Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K., Huh, J., Lee, D.W., Kim, H.H., Lee, S.M. and Choo, Y.M. 2002. Entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema spp. and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) and a fungus Beauveria brongniartii for biological control of the white grubs, Ectinohoplia rufipes and Exomala orientalis, in Korean golf courses. Biocontrol 47: 177-192.

198. Grewal, P.S., Grewal, S.K., Malik, V.S. and Klein, M.G. 2007. Differences in susceptibility of introduced and native white grub species to entomopathogenic nematodes from various geographic localities. Biological Control 24: 230-237.

199. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy E.M. 2004. Effect of white grub developmental stage on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 97: 1842-1849.

200. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2003. Steinernema scarabaei for the control of white grubs. Biological Control 28: 47-59.

201. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2006. Effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei, Steinernema glaseri, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 92: 11-22.

202. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008. Attraction of four entomopathogenic nematodes to four white grub species.  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 99: 227-234.

203. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008. Earl timing and new combinations to increase the efficacy of neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) combinations against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae.  Pest Management Science 64: 725-735.

204. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008c. Effect of the anthranilic diamide insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) efficacy against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeldae). Biological Control. 45: 93-102.

205. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2009. Long-term effects and persistence of Steinernema scarabaei applied for suppression of Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Biological Control 48: 63-72.

206. Koppenhofer, A.M., Brown, I.M., Gaugler, R., Grewal, P.S., Kaya, H.K. and Klein M.G. 2000. Synergism of entomopathogenic nematodes and imidacloprid against white grubs: Greenhouse and field evaluation. Biological Control 19: 245-251.

207. Koppenhofer, A.M., Cowles, R.S., Cowles, E.A., Fuzy, E.M. and Baumgartner, L. 2002. Comparison of neonicotinoid insecticides as synergists for entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 24: 90-97.

208. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 14: 87-92.

209. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2006. Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America. Biological Control 38: 397-404.

210. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2007. Differences in penetration routes and establishment rates of four entomopathogenic nematode species into four white grub species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94: 184-195.

211. Lee, D.W., Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K., Lee, S.M., Smitley, D.R., Shin, H.K. and Park, C.G. 2002. Laboratory and field evaluation of Korean entomopathogenic nematode isolates against the oriental beetle Exomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 95: 918-926.

212. Li, X.Y., Cowles, R.S., Cowles, E.A., Gaugler, R. and Cox-Foster, D.L. 2007. Relationship between the successful infection by entomopathogenic nematodes and the host immune response. International Journal for Parasitology. 37: 365-374.

213. Mannion, C.M., McLane, W., Klein, M.G., Moyseenko, J., Oliver, J.B. and Cowan D. 2001. Management of early-instar Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in field-grown nursery crops. Journal of Economic Entomology. 94: 1151-1161.

214. Polavarapu, S., Koppenhoefer, A.M., Barry, J.D., Holdcraft, R.J. and Fuzy, E.M. 2007. Entomopathogenic nematodes and neonicotinoids for remedial control of oriental beetle, Anomala orientalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), in highbush blueberry. Crop Protection 26: 1266-1271.

215. Yeh, T. and Alm, S.R. 1995. Evaluation of Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) for biological control of Japanese and apanese and oriental beetles (Coleoptera, Searabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 88: 1251-1255.

216. Yi, Y.K., Park, H.W., Shrestha, S., Seo, J., Kim, Y.O., Shin, C.S. and Kim, Y. 2007. Identification of two entomopathogenic bacteria from a nematode pathogenic to the oriental beetle, Blitopertha orientalis. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 17: 968-978.

White grubs, Costelytra zealandica

217. Kain, W.M. Bedding, R.A. and Vandermespel, C.J.  1982. Preliminary evaluations of parasitic nematodes for grass grub (Costelytra-zealandica (white)) control in central hawkes bay of new-Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 10: 447-450.

White grubs, Cotinus nitida

218. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 87-92.

219. Townsend, M.L., Johnson, D.T. and Steinkraus, D.C. 1998. Laboratory studies of the interactions of environmental conditions on the susceptibility of green June beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) grubs to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Entomological Science 33: 40-48.

220. Townsend, M.L., Steinkraus, D.C. and Johnson, D.T. 1994. Mortality response of green June beetle (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to 4 species of entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Entomological Science 29: 268-275.

White grubs, Cyclocephala borealis, C. pasadenae and C. hirta

221. An, R. and Grewal, P.S. 2007. Differences in the virulence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema scarabaei to three white grub species: The relative contribution of the nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 43: 310-316.

222. Converse, V. and Grewal, P.S, 1998. Virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes to the western masked chafer Cyclocephala hirta (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 91: 428-432.

223. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008. Attraction of four entomopathogenic nematodes to four white grub species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 99: 227-234.

224. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008. Earl timing and new combinations to increase the efficacy of neonicotinoid-entomopathogenic nematode (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) combinations against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).  Pest Management Science 64: 725-735.

225. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008.  Effect of the anthranilic diamide insecticide, chlorantraniliprole, on Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) efficacy against white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeldae). Biological Control 45: 93-102.

226. Koppenhofer, A.M., Choo, H.Y., Kaya, H.K., Lee, D.W. and Gelernter, W.D.  1999. Increased field and greenhouse efficacy against scarab grubs with a combination of an entomopathogenic nematode and Bacillus thuringiensis. Biological Control 14: 37-44

227. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2007. Differences in penetration routes and establishment rates of four entomopathogenic nematode species into four white grub species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94: 184-195.

White grubs, Hoplia philanthus

228. Ansari, M.A., Adhikari, B.N. and Moens, M.  2008. Susceptibility of Hoplia philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae and pupae to entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Biological Control 47: 315-321.

229. Ansari, M.A., Ali, F. and Moens, M.   2006. Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type population of S-scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Nematology 8: 787-791.

230. Ansari, M.A., Hussain, M. and Moens, M. 2009.  Formulation and application of entomopathogenic nematode-infected cadavers for control of Hoplia philanthus in turf grass. Pest Management Science. 65: 367-374.

231. Ansari, M.A., Shah, F.A., Tirry, L. and Moens, M. 2006.  Field trials against Hoplia philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) with a combination of an entomopathogenic nematode and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae CLO 53. Biological Control 39: 453-459.

232. Ansari, M.A., Waeyenberge, L. and Moens, M. 2005.  First record of Steinernema glaseri Steiner, 1929 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Belgium: a natural pathogen of Hoplia philanthus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Nematology 7: 953-956.

White grubs, Melolontha melolontha

233. Ansari, M.A., Ali, F. and Moens, M.   2006. Compared virulence of the Belgian isolate of Steinernema glaseri (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and the type population of S-scarabaei to white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Nematology 8: 787-791.

234. Malinowski, H. 2011. Possibility of forest protection against insects damaging root systems with the use of biological method based on entomopathogenic nematodes and bacteria. Sylwan 155: 104-111.

235. Steiner, W.A. 1996. Dispersal and host-finding ability of entomopathogenic nematodes at low temperatures. Nematologica 42: 243-261.

White grubs, Ataenius spretulus

236. Alm, S.R., Yeh, T., Hanula, J.L. and Georgis, R. 1992. Biological control of Japanese, oriental and black turfgrass ataenius beetel (Coleoptera, Scarabidae) larvae with entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda, Steinernematidae, Heterorhabditidae). Journal of Economic Entomology. 85: 1660-1665.

237. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 87-92.

White grubs (Asiatic garden beetle), Maladera castanea

238. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy E.M. 2003. Biological and chemical control of the Asiatic garden beetle, Maladera castanea (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 96: 1076-1082.

239. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy E.M. 2004. Effect of white grub developmental stage on susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology. 97: 1842-1849.

240. Koppenhofer, A.M., Cowles, R.S., Cowles, E.A., Fuzy, E.M. and Baumgartner, L. 2002. Comparison of neonicotinoid insecticides as synergists for entomopathogenic nematodes. Biological Control 24: 90-97.

241. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 87-92.

242. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2006. Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America. Biological Control 38: 397-404.

White grubs, Phyllophaga Spp.

243. Forschler, B.T. and Gardner, W.A.  1991.  Concentration mortality response of Phyllophaga-hirticula (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) to 3 entomogenous nematodes. Journal of Economic Entomology 84: 841-843.

244. Forschler, B.T. and Gardner, W.A.  1991. Parasitism of Phyllophaga-hirticula (coleoptera, scarabaeidae) by Heterorhabditis-heliothidis and Steinernema-carpocapsae.  Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 58: 396-407.

245. Koppenhofer, A.M., Fuzy, E.M., Crocker, R.L., Gelernter, W.D. and Polavarapu, S. 2004. Pathogenicity of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema glaseri, and S. scarabaei (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae, Steinernematidae) against 12 white grub species (Coleoptera:  Scarabaeidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology. 14: 87-92.

246. Koppenhofer, A.M., Rodriguez-Saona, C.R., Polavarapu, S. and Holdcraft, R.J. 2008. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of Phyllophaga georgiana (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in cranberries. Biocontrol Science and Technology 18: 21-31.

247. Liesch, P.J. and Williamson, R.C. 2010.  Evaluation of chemical controls and entomopathogenic nematodes for control of Phyllophaga white grubs in a Fraser Fir production field. Journal of Economic Entomology 103: 1979-1987.

248. Melo, E.L., Ortega, C.A., Gaigl, A. and Bellotti, A. 2010. Evaluation of entomopathogenic nematodes for the management of Phyllophaga bicolor (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae). Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 36: 207-212.

249. Melo-Molina, E.L., Ortega-Ojeda, C.A. and Gaigl, A. 2007. The effect of nematodes on larvae of Phyllophaga menetriesi and Anomala inconstans (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae).  Revista Colombiana de Entomologia 33: 21-26.

250. Nguyen, K.B., and Buss, E.A. 2011. Steinernema phyllophagae n. sp (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from Florida, USA. Nematology 13: 425-442.

White grubs, Rhizotrogus majalis

251. An, R. and Grewal, P.S. 2007.  Differences in the virulence of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema scarabaei to three white grub species: The relative contribution of the nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria. Biological Control 43: 310-316.

252. An, R.S., Sreevatsan, S. and Grewal, P.S. 2009.  Comparative in vivo gene expression of the closely related bacteria Photorhabdus temperata and Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi upon infection of the same insect host, Rhizotrogus majalis. BMC Genomics. 10: 433.

253. Koppenhofer, A.M. and Fuzy, E.M. 2008. Attraction of four entomopathogenic nematodes to four white grub species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 99: 227-234.

254. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2006. Virulence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Steinernema scarabaei against five white grub species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) of economic importance in turfgrass in North America. Biological Control 38: 397-404.

255. Koppenhofer, A.M., Grewal, P.S. and Fuzy, E.M. 2007. Differences in penetration routes and establishment rates of four entomopathogenic nematode species into four white grub species. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 94: 184-195.

Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani

256. Morse, J.G. and Lindegren, J.E. 1996. Suppression of fuller rose beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on citrus with Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae). Florida Entomologist 79: 373-384.

Chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga

257. Ma, J., Chen, S.L., Moens, M., Han, R.C. and De Clercq, P. 2013. Efficacy of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) against the chive gnat, Bradysia odoriphaga. Journal of Pest Science 86: 551-561.
258. Sun, R. H., A. H. Li, R. C. Han, L. Cao, and X. L. Liu. 2004. Factors affecting the control of Bradysia odoriphaga with entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis indica LN2. Natural Enemies of Insects 26:150–155.